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Converting a PC Booter Game to Cassette Tape

I'm going to steal an argument that I recall was "proposed" by someone in the know in a discussion about IBM's decision to make a 64kb computer with a processor that could address 1mb.

64kb systems were what everybody else was selling.

I know it doesn't sound rational, but we're mostly technical people. Marketing folks think with a different part of their brain. So do the people in suits that the marketing people get to sign the bottom line on a purchase order. And as my one of my computer science professors once explained, IBM did not become the 800 pound gorilla of the IT world by building the most technically advanced computers. They got there by selling the computers that were the most successful in the marketplace.

One of their muckity mucks once opined that the world marketplace for computers would top out at 50 units. Fast forward a few years and the company that has more units sold than all other brands combined was Tandy with their TRS80 model I. That had to sting in Armonk. And I suspect that's who the boys in Boca Raton were told to beat. But the features they were told to compete with were determined by the marketing folks in IBM HQ.

Remember the people who buy this stuff often have no idea how it works. Polished presentations and glossy brochures sell hardware. As Computer Associates found, so do well built blondes with Georgia accents when it comes to software. When IBM was installing a new Z system mainframe at our county's IT center, my wife asked her CE why the cabinets were mostly empty space. The response was that although more modern hardware took up less space, the people who wrote the checks for new computers were not sufficiently impressed by smaller cabinets. So the computer's guts didn't get any bigger, but the check writers weren't going to look inside anyway, so the cabinets got bigger instead.

Try to think like a marketing guy. Some of this stuff (but not all) will start to make some sense.

Then go for the Advil.
 
Doesn't the red binder "introduction to the IBM PC" that was shipped with all 5150s describe a system with no floppy drives? So it must have been in someone's head back in 1982, along with a TV adapter. (No need to purchase a 5151 or 5153). A 16K-no floppy 5150 "bare unit" (no cards installed) with keyboard was being sold for about $1000 at Computerland--one could buy a Z80 system with monitor and floppies for about that.
The cassette port was mostly useful because it gave you a program-controllable relay.
No-floppy IBM PCs definitely did exist, but the question is if any actually reached their end user that way. Some dealers would order a 5150-001 (the base model 16K system with no floppy drives) and install aftermarket RAM and drives because it was cheaper than ordering a fully equipped system from IBM. But IBM frowned upon that practice. One of those aftermarket-upgraded 5150-001's showed up on eBay a while ago.
 
Okay, now I'm confused. Granted most computers that had a cassette port had business software available on cassette. I also agree that a cassette-based 64K IBM PC was more powerful for business than a cassette-based 64K Z-80 competitor, like the TRS-80. But, since the TRS-80 had an optional floppy disk system too, why do you think business program cassettes made sense for the TRS-80 vs. IBM PC? Why didn't the 2 hours wasted each week cause a mass switch to floppy disks on the TRS-80? Or have I misunderstood your point regarding TRS-80 business cassettes?

The memory capacity of the TSR-80 was smaller thus the files to be saved were smaller. The other difference was that the Expansion Interface was not released until about a year after the Model I and was fairly unreliable for another couple of years. Can't have software using disk drives before the system had disk drives. That meant there was a lot of cassette software available. Some of that software was shipped on cassette but intended to be used on disk since disks costs a lot more than cassettes in 1979. It would be a challenge to sell Editor/Assembler for $15 if the disk costs $5. Tandy did phase out the no disk option from their catalogs. Didn't stop others from promoting the benefits of cassettes as seen at http://www.trs-80.org/cassette-gazette/

Well, those are some things I wasn't aware of. I assume when you say "cut the price by a dollar" that you mean they would only drop the DIN connector from the finished product. It makes more sense that the PC would have a cassette port if they couldn't use/weren't sure they'd have a floppy drive by launch time. The school districts requiring a cassette port would also reinforce the need to keep it. That clears up that point well.
Remove the cassette port and the relay. I said steer the contract. The cassette port was not to be used and final computer ordered with disk drives. It was one of the ways that Apple IIs could be purchased instead of CP/M machines. Require the cassette port and reject an equally capable S100 system.

But, I'm still skeptical that these were the only reasons. Even adding the point about marketing at a low price doesn't explain why the PCjr, launched in 1983 -- 2 years after the floppy controller was ready -- had a casette port. This computer was supposed to be for the home and had a superior sound system. Did it have a cassette port for the same reasons? It seems unlikely to me, but I don't know either.
A lot of the PCJr development makes no sense to me but the floppy drive and controller cost about $400 which doesn't fit with a $669 system target price.

I'm not too familiar with the hardware of the PCjr, so I'm wondering if its sound circuitry was also used to generate the cassette port output. If so, then maybe it had a cassette port for the same reasons. But, then again, why was the port removed from the PC XT since it had the same sound circuitry as the PC? My guess is that the PCjr continued to have a cassette port because it was for the home market where cassette usage was still common and the PC XT had it removed because it was intended for the business market where cassette storage was quickly becoming obsolete.
The PCJr had a dedicated sound chip. The PCJr design was clever by allowing either the sound chip or the timer based system used by the IBM PC to generate sound.

Regardless of which one of us is right, we all know that floppies and hard disks where eventually going to win, even if IBM had embraced the cassette port. It was only a matter of time before all cassette based machines still being produced would phase out cassette storage.
Cassette had a long life span in the portable pocket computer market even after disks took over the desktop. It took floppy drives a long time to shrink to the point of viability. For the IBM PC, I view the cassette port like the light pen connector, something that a few found useful but most didn't care about because it didn't increase price. I have been a bit surprised by how much use there was of the cassette port in IBM PC compatibles outside the US. The PC Magazine article involving operation of the cassette port does lead me to wonder what those were using it for.

The section below is taken from the User-to-User column of PC Magazine April 1983.

An Audio Fan

Since most PCs are sold with disk
drives, the cassette recorder interface has
become something of an orphan. There is
very little software, if any, to run with it,
and documentation is scarce. The IBM
Technical Reference Manual leaves you
staring at a picture of a 5-pin DIN connec-
tor and that’s it.

And to make things worse, IBM does
not sell a cassette recorder or even a cable
that will interface to one. The local IBM
dealers were not the least bit helpful to
me, either. Here is what I found by
myself:

The cable you need may be purchased
from Radio Shack. It’s called the Radio
Shack Color Computer-Audio Cassette
Interface. This cable has the correct con-
nector for the PC and three plugs for the
cassette recorder. It retails for $5.95. There
is a plug for input, a plug for output, and a
smaller plug for motor control. You can
get by without using motor control, but
you will have to start and stop the
machine manually and not from the key-
board.

Larger tape decks can also be used, but
the cable will probably need different
adapters to handle bigger plugs.

One useful feature is a tape counter to
keep track of where your programs and
data are stored on a cassette. Any tape can
be used, but leaderless tapes (also avail-
able from Radio Shack) are a convenience.
If you try to record over the leader of a
tape, your PC will not know the differ-
ence. You will, though, when you find
you cannot retrieve the data. Be sure to
depress the Record and Play buttons when
you save data and programs on tape, just
as you would in making an audio record-
ing.

I have found the PC works best with as
strong a signal as possible from the tape —
always record with the volume on high.

If you want to write-protect a cassette,
you can remove the two small tabs on the
back (away from the opening) of the car-
tridge. If you change your mind later, you
can cover the openings with a piece of
tape and record again with the same cas-
sette.

To test your cassette recorder, you can
use the tape version of IBM's diagnostics,
available with the PC's Guide to Opera-
tions.

Several Readers
 
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Also it makes no sense to distribute software on audio CDs. CDs are already digital. You would just be adding an unnecessary step that makes them slow and inefficient.

I was considering that nice, "perfect" digital audio recordings of programs would be more reliable than analog cassette recordings when played. This would be preferable if publishing through an audio medium.

I agree with your point. In practice it doesn't necessarily follow that a more sensible approach will be taken, however. For example: it makes no sense to encode a composite signal into a TV channel signal so that the TV can decode it back into a composite signal. It's an unecessary step. It was done often in early micros where monitors weren't an option because TV's didn't normally have a composite signal port back then.

You can make the same agrument against using acoustic couplers, but digital-to-audio-to-digital over phone lines was the only way to get the job done in many instances before WANs appeared.
 
You can make the same agrument against using acoustic couplers, but digital-to-audio-to-digital over phone lines was the only way to get the job done in many instances before WANs appeared.
In the Ma Bell era, the telephone company owned the equipment and you rented it from them. And prior to the Carterfone decision, you weren't allowed to connect any third-party device to your telephone line. Many people had a phone that was hard-wired and built into the wall -- my aunt and uncle had one in their kitchen until the '90s. So in those cases, as well as hotels, payphones, etc., using an acoustic coupler was necessary.
 
Exactly. Technical sense doesn't always make it in the real world. Non-technical obstacles can add unnecessary steps sometimes.
 
Doesn't the red binder "introduction to the IBM PC" that was shipped with all 5150s describe a system with no floppy drives? So it must have been in someone's head back in 1982, along with a TV adapter. (No need to purchase a 5151 or 5153).

No-floppy IBM PCs definitely did exist, but the question is if any actually reached their end user that way. Some dealers would order a 5150-001 (the base model 16K system with no floppy drives) and install aftermarket RAM and drives because it was cheaper than ordering a fully equipped system from IBM.

I think these are both evidence that IBM was trying to cover all the bases. Though they were probably thinking mainly about the S-100/business market, why not include school and home markets? After all, the industry was still evolving. The dealers could always be steering customers to where they thought the industry SHOULD go, helping to eliminate what might have been.
 
And as my one of my computer science professors once explained, IBM did not become the 800 pound gorilla of the IT world by building the most technically advanced computers. They got there by selling the computers that were the most successful in the marketplace.

the company that has more units sold than all other brands combined was Tandy with their TRS80 model I. That had to sting in Armonk. And I suspect that's who the boys in Boca Raton were told to beat. But the features they were told to compete with were determined by the marketing folks in IBM HQ.

Exactly. TSR-80s have cassette ports, we have to have them too. Tandys can work with TVs...

Remember the people who buy this stuff often have no idea how it works. Polished presentations and glossy brochures sell hardware.

In fact, back then some of the people who bought this stuff for home use didn't even know WHAT they we going to do with it. They wanted to be sure they weren't left out of the future, but they didn't even know how a computer would fit into their lives.

Try to think like a marketing guy. Some of this stuff (but not all) will start to make some sense.

Then go for the Advil.

Sorry, I can't try that right now. I have a headache.
 
What sound circuitry on the XT? All you got was a one-bit output from the 8254 timer.

I suppose I should have included the quotes: "sound circuitry." But since krebizfan didn't, I just decided not to begin another discussion.
 
@krebizfan I had never heard of the Advance-86A and now I'm REALLY interested :D - this sounds awesome and just like the kind of thing I was looking for. I'm also now really interested to know if this maybe turned into the Amstrad's PC1512 as there are some similarities - UK Based, 8086, cheap and I think Amstrad used Ferranti for their ULA, so maybe some overlap? Anyway, I'd love to see some schematics for the Advance-86A to see how it ticked and was upgraded to the Advance-86B - I poured over the PCjr and 5150 schematics (to extend and understand Serge's Xi8088 which was the main basis for it) when trying to build the XTjr - might give me some ideas...
@mogway I picked up a Ferranti Advance 86 motherboard recently. A couple of pics below. This was sold in Australia as the Dick Smith Challenger. Some examples of the adverts and an article from Electronics Australia from Oct. 1984 can be found here: http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/comp/challenger_cat.pdf

I'm not sure if this is of use for you.
 

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@mogway I picked up a Ferranti Advance 86 motherboard recently. A couple of pics below. This was sold in Australia as the Dick Smith Challenger. Some examples of the adverts and an article from Electronics Australia from Oct. 1984 can be found here: http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/comp/challenger_cat.pdf

I'm not sure if this is of use for you.
Great find and it has the fully upgraded memory. Shame that the previous owner parted it out. The expansion case and cables are useless without the motherboard.
 
@mogway I picked up a Ferranti Advance 86 motherboard recently. A couple of pics below. This was sold in Australia as the Dick Smith Challenger. Some examples of the adverts and an article from Electronics Australia from Oct. 1984 can be found here: http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/comp/challenger_cat.pdf

I'm not sure if this is of use for you.
Wow, great find, that's awesome! Hope you can get it working, would love to hear more about it if you do. Maybe my PC Booster PC-man tape could load on it?
 
I stumbled upon this discussion and I'm happy to announce that I have in my possession two Advance 86B computers. They were given to me around 1985 by a local reseller (Brittany, France) who didn't want to spend more time trying to make them reliable. I tried back then to make them work, but they are hopelessly unstable, unable to stay alive for more than maybe half an hour. The Ferranti chips are known to overheat and someone tried to put heat-sinks on these circuits, but without success. I disassembled the two systems to recover the nice Antec Power supplies so they have spent their lives in my basement as a heap of plastic parts and the four circuit boards. When I discovered that they may have some historical value, I started digging out what is left and I believe that I do have most of the bits and pieces apart from the floppy drives, but they are standard 5 1/4 inch drives.
Greetings with wishes of a happy New Year from Brittany. Finn
 
Did they come with the Welcome cassette?

I am glad you got some use out of the systems, even if only as a stash of spare parts.
 
Did they come with the Welcome cassette?

I am glad you got some use out of the systems, even if only as a stash of spare parts.
These were the high-end systems, with floppies. I never tried the cassette interface. To be honest, I didn't even notice it existed.
Now, I have recovered all the parts, including the power supplies that I "borrowed" back then, but not the floppy drives.
Finn
 
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