Well, just in case it gives anyone any clues, I pulled the ROM chips off the disk controller and the main board and read them using an EPROM reader. I've tried looking at a disassembly of the files, but I'm not well versed enough in any variants of assembly (aside from PIC microcontrollers) to really make anything out of it. Not that I really expect anyone here to go to that much effort to help solve my problem, but who knows, maybe one of you will be bored enough to give it a shot, haha.
FWIW the processor on the disk controller is an Intel 8085 and the processor on the main system board is an NEC V20.
There are also four Z80 processors across two other expansion cards, but I don't have any reason to believe they are involved in the boot process.
My guess is that the contents of the ROM for the 8085-based MFM drive controller will be similar, if not identical, to that of CompuPro's S100 DISK3 controller card.
One easy thing to do would be to compare the contents of the boot ROM (the one you pulled off the main board) to that of CompuPro's S100 DISK1A floppy controller. Contents of the DISK1A ROM have been posted on several web sites. Just guessing, but perhaps the 10+ will boot with any of CompuPro's Concurrent CP/M system disks of similar vintage rather than requiring one specific to the 10+, as long as it is set up for the same console port?